The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex biological network that helps regulate balance, or homeostasis, within the human body. It plays a critical role in controlling functions such as mood, sleep, appetite, memory, pain perception, and immune response.
The ECS is composed of three main parts:
- Endocannabinoids – naturally occurring molecules made by the body that are similar in structure to cannabinoids found in cannabis. The two best-known are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglyerol (2-AG).
- Receptors – proteins found throughout the body that interact with cannabinoids. The two primary types are:
- CB1 receptors: found mostly in the brain and central nervous system.
- CB2 receptors: located mainly in the immune system and peripheral tissues.
- Enzymes – responsible for breaking down endocannabinoids once their role is complete.
When cannabinoids from cannabis, such as CBD or THC, are consumed, they interact with these receptors, influencing the body’s ECS activity. THC directly binds with CB1 receptors, producing psychoactive effects, while CBD interacts more indirectly, supporting the ECS without creating intoxication.
The ECS was only discovered in the early 1990s, making it a relatively new area of medical research. Scientists believe it may help explain why cannabinoids influence such a wide variety of physiological processes. The concept of the entourage effect also stems from ECS science, suggesting cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids work together to support balance more effectively than isolated compounds.
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FAQ
Yes. The ECS is a natural system present in all humans and many animals.
They bind to or influence CB1 and CB2 receptors, changing how the body regulates pain, mood, sleep, and inflammation.
Endocannabinoids are made by your body. Cannabinoids like CBD and THC come from the cannabis plant.
Maccarrone, M. (2022). Tribute to Professor Raphael Mechoulam, the founder of cannabinoid and endocannabinoid research. Molecules, 27(1), 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010323
Wikipedia contributors. (2025a, April 13). Anandamide. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamide
Wikipedia contributors. (2025b, July 17). 2-Arachidonoylglycerol. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol